[醫學筆記] 口服抗病毒藥物 PAXLOVID 筆記整理

唯一指定台語主題曲請找女神乙玲

迷弟我建議直接聽偶像盛主任開示,化繁為簡醍醐灌頂。

 

寫在前頭,我覺得Paxlovid是個好藥,但也沒有神妙到普天之下大家都要來吃,而它雖然用起來有點麻煩,但也不致於到用到它心驚驚想到它心痛痛(對我是乙玲粉),總之我是覺得過度吹捧或恐懼duck不必。

關於PAXLOVID可能讓你很意外的point
(大概下週這個梗就會被滾動式淘汰了)
1. 目前還不清楚打過疫苗的病人用藥後實際的效益為何。
    排列組合一下世上有這四種人
    (1) 沒打疫苗+有風險因子 危!
    (2) 沒打疫苗+沒有風險因子
    (3) 有打疫苗+有風險因子
    (4) 有打疫苗+沒有風險因子
    EPIC-HR研究的對象是(1),這個極危組合現在證據明確建議用藥。
   你不負爺爺的名聲想到那(2)(3)(4)勒,EPIC-SR研究的對象一開始就是(2)(3),啊我想沒有人有時間跟摳摳會想去做(4)。雖然還妹有正式的完整報告,去年12月的期中分析看起來雖然在primary endpoint 28天內症狀改善沒有達顯著差異,但是在secondary endpoint中28天內的住院或死亡有個相當擦邊的差異0.7% vs. 2.4%, an RRR of 70% (p=0.051)。
    不知道是不是內部檢視資料有看出什麼端倪,今年4月他們改了收案對象,拿掉(3)只收(2)預計要再收案到7月。(對我這個要一直往上對照數字的寫法有沒有讓你想起對照通報條件的美好回憶ㄋ)
    知名美妝博主啊不是是知名哎滴網紅Paul Sax在4月的NEJM journal watch就有一篇貼文在討論低風險的人適不適用PAXLOVID。
2. EPIC-HR的收案對象包括只用抗原陽性確診的個案。
    我是在某處看到這個討論(不過那個討論串我覺得好像沒有真的提出說明),回頭看NEJM的文章其實寫得曖昧讓人受盡委屈。
    在Methods中寫道to have confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptom onset no more than 5 days before randomization,但是咩嘎就在這個confirm是什麼樣的confrim。
    因為爬了一下Supplementary appendix也沒看到詳述(還是我真的眼殘有人看到請直接敲敲我的頭),我就又寫信去騷擾Pfizer,得到的回覆看起來確實也是有滾動式收案用抗原陽性確診的個案,我持續寫信告訴他今夜我想夢看看比例佔多少但還沒得到回覆。目前得到的回覆如下:
    The RT-PCR is the preferred method; however, with evolving approaches to confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, other molecular or antigen tests that detect viral RNA or protein are allowed. Participants may be enrolled based on positive results of a rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen test performed at screening.
= 正片 = 

Paxlovid是一個複方藥物,包含以下兩種成份:

  • nirmatrelvir:3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) or main protease (Mpro),抑制蛋白酶,讓病毒無法生成重要的蛋白。
  • ritonavir:CYP3A4 inactivator,抑制藥物代謝,延長藥物在體內有效濃度維持時間。

 

目前Paxlovid共有四項主要的研究,其中針對高風險族群的EPIC-HR研究已完成並發表於NEJM,各指引的建議也多是參考這篇研究內容。其他三個則研究仍在進行中,簡單整理如下表。

WHO在4/22的一篇新聞稿提到有兩個新的大型RCT也顯示了相似的臨床效益,不過還不知道研究的詳細內容。

This recommendation is based on new data from two randomized controlled trials involving 3078 patients. The data show that the risk of hospitalization is reduced by 85% following this treatment. In a high-risk group (over 10% risk of hospitalization), that means 84 fewer hospitalizations per 1000 patients.

EPIC-HR的收案條件如下:

值得注意的是懷孕或哺乳的個案跟已經打過疫苗的個案被排除在收案條件外。

該研究收案最常見的風險因子依序如下: BMI ≥25 kg/m2  (80.5%),  cigarette smoker (39%), hypertension (33%), and diabetes mellitus (12.2%).

症狀發生3天內用藥,住院或死亡的相對風險減少89%,症狀發生5天內用藥,住院或死亡的相對風險減少88%。不論3天或5天內用藥,用藥的組別在28天內都沒有發生死亡個案。

在各種不同次族群間的分析也都得到相同的結果。

 

用藥後第5天病毒量有顯著下降。

兩組間的副作用無明顯差異,且幾無嚴重副作用。

= 適用族群 =

網路上有些意見認為我國設下過多限制管控用藥,也有人說國外只要確診就可以用藥,我在這邊列出美國跟歐洲的用藥說明,其實國外也是建議在「具高風險」進展至重症的族群用藥,而非所有人都需要投藥。

NIH/CDC的輕症用藥指引一開始便提到建議在具高風險的對象建議用藥:

Several therapeutic options are now available for the treatment of nonhospitalized adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of disease progression.

EMA也提到適用對象為具風險的族群

Paxlovid is a medicine used for treating COVID-19 in adults who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at increased risk of the disease becoming severe.

https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/paxlovid-epar-product-information_en.pdf

點過去看其實歐美的指引引用的參考文獻也是EPIC-HR的內容。

我們的適應症中拿掉高血壓,不過原始論文中有三成左右的收案對象有高血壓,不太確定背後的邏輯。

= 孕婦 =

5/11 指揮中心增列懷孕為Paxlovid適用條件(話說公布的那天中午我才剛跟婦產科同仁討論到這題…)。不過坦白說目前並沒有孕婦臨床使用上的明確安全性證據。

NHI 的指引針對孕婦使用Paxlovid的意見如下:

咦他就在5/13更新了誒,感覺用字更往建議使用靠

Considerations in Pregnancy

Like many clinical trials of treatments for COVID-19, the EPIC-HR trial excluded pregnant and lactating individuals. Ritonavir has been used extensively during pregnancy in people with HIV and has a documented safety profile during pregnancy. The mechanisms of action for both nirmatrelvir and ritonavir and the results of animal studies of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir suggest that this regimen can be used safely in pregnant individuals. Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir should be offered to pregnant and recently pregnant patients, especially since pregnancy is a risk factor for severe COVID-19.4 The risk-benefit assessment for using ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir in pregnant patients may include additional factors, such as medical comorbidities, body mass index, and vaccination status. Obstetricians should be aware of potential drug-drug interactions when prescribing this agent. 

美國婦產科學會的建議如下

Recently, an oral severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) protease inhibitor, PAXLOVID (which includes nirmatrelvir, a SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor, and ritonavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor and CYP3A inhibitor) became available only under emergency use authorization (EUA) (EUAEUA Fact Sheet). It is recommended for the treatment of outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 infection with a positive result of a SARS-CoV-2 viral test and who are at high risk of clinical progression as defined by the EUA criteria. Pregnancy is included among the conditions that put individuals at high risk for clinical progression. This makes pregnant patients, including those with pregnancy as their only risk factor, eligible to receive outpatient oral SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor therapy, according to the EUA. Obstetric care clinicians may consider the use of the oral SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor for the treatment of non-hospitalized COVID-19 positive pregnant individuals with mild to moderate symptoms, particularly if one or more additional risk factors are present (eg body mass index >25, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease). Clinicians should weigh the available data against the individual risks of COVID-19 in pregnancy in each situation.

先前孕婦用藥的選項RDV則是在小規模的研究中看起來安全性足夠。

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33031500/

 

= 咩咩嘎嘎 =

  • ≥12歲且體重≥40公斤。
  • 標準劑量為nirmatrelvir 300mg + ritonavir 100mg BID for 5 days。
  • 錠劑應整粒吞服。不得咀嚼、破壞或壓碎錠劑。(不能管灌)
  • 可隨餐或空腹服用 PAXLOVID。
  • 腎功能不全:

  • 肝功能異常:Child Pugh A 與Child Pugh B無需調整,Child Pugh C目前不建議使用。
  • 與其他含 ritonavir 或 cobicistat 的產品併用時無需調整劑量。
  • 接受含 ritonavir 或 cobicistat 的 HIV 或 C 型肝炎病毒 (HCV) 治療方案的病人應按照指示繼續接受治療。
  • 目前 2 款口服抗病毒藥物尚未取得我國藥物上市許可,係因應緊急公共衛生需要,專案核予 EUA 以提供病人使用,故因使用此兩款藥物發生不良反應導致死亡、障礙或嚴重疾病時,不適用藥害救濟。

= 抓抓癮 =

目前普遍大家覺得最困擾的就是這個藥物使用上要注意和其他藥物間的交互作用。

欸我想沒人背得起來,一定愛用網路資源,推薦各位Liverpool的網站,是敝科開立HIV藥物時的好朋友。

https://www.covid19-druginteractions.org/checker

或是直接無情粗殘整張表殺來看,紅色是禁忌症,橘色是建議你多想兩秒鐘有沒有其他選擇,黃色或綠色逮就補。

仿單上也有列出常見需注意的用藥,請容許我小小的耍廢,因為有盛主任直接整理好的內容XD

NEJS整理的文章請參考下面連結

https://www.nejs.app/2022/05/paxlovid-drug-drug-interactions-of.html

最後小小補充學理上來說Paxlovid的機轉應該不管病毒怎麼變都還是能維持一定效果,畢竟病毒複製的過程就是得製造重要的蛋白質,而針對Omicron也有一些體外試驗的研究支持這個想法。(EPIC-HR研究的時間Omicron還沒流行起來喔)

https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-shares-vitro-efficacy-novel-covid-19-oral-treatment

我是覺得開這顆藥的最大困難,可能在行政流程XD(顯示為已經開了無限會議)

本文沒有冠名播出,懇求地方好野人隨喜功德包養,我現在值一天班要睡一整週來補真的不想努力了XD。

 

= 參考資料 =

EPIC studies

EPIC-HR: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2118542

EPIC-SR: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05011513

https://investors.pfizer.com/Investors/Events–Presentations/event-details/2021/Analyst-and-Investor-Call-to-Discuss-Pfizer-BioNTech-COVID-19-Vaccine-and-Pfizers-Novel-COVID-19-Oral-Antiviral-Treatment-Candidate/default.aspx?fbclid=IwAR3mrtV0WTDGP2cytWzSwYSl6HkR2TBpc5e_9-fl4FJ2Om5e0SwucGTcFcM

https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-announces-additional-phase-23-study-results?fbclid=IwAR3L2t2nO_A5A-RVLTkwEj3vguYg3i6jAW7S3MQhBSncPbYanupG6y1A2n4

EPIC-PEP : https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05047601

EPIC-Peds : https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05261139

https://www.jwatch.org/na54861/2022/04/13/observations-id-and-beyond-should-we-prescribe

新型冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染臨床處置指引

https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/nonhospitalized-adults–therapeutic-management/?utm_source=site&utm_medium=home&utm_campaign=highlights

孕婦

https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/antiviral-therapy/ritonavir-boosted-nirmatrelvir–paxlovid-/

https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/physician-faqs/covid-19-faqs-for-ob-gyns-obstetrics?fbclid=IwAR384Ig-H71bPf71cT0jv0Kutvd7IQZhcLmCctpjiU7UZpxTduU2d70x9Ko

藥物使用注意事項

https://www.nejs.app/2022/05/paxlovid-drug-drug-interactions-of.html

https://www.covid19-druginteractions.org/

https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-shares-vitro-efficacy-novel-covid-19-oral-treatment

 

 

對沒錯我很年輕的有在用instagram喔

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郭查理

 

各位朋友,請不吝按讚或分享,讓我們一起為美好的二手人生努力(遠目)!

 

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